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Application Notes

• Download
  Bridge Circuits &mdash AN43
  PDF, 3.8 Mb, File published: Jun 1, 1990
  Subtitled "Marrying Gain and Balance," this note covers signal conditioning circuits for various types of bridges. Included are transducer bridges, AC bridges, Wien bridge oscillators, Schottky bridges, and others. Special attention is given to amplifier selection criteria. Appended sections cover strain gauge transducers, understanding distortion measurements, and historical perspectives on bridge readout mechanisms and Wein bridge oscillators.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 43
  June 1990
  Bridge Circuits
  Marrying Gain and Balance
  Jim Williams
  Bridge circuits are among the most elemental and powerful
  electrical tools. They are found in measurement, switching, oscillator and transducer circuits. Additionally, bridge
  techniques are broadband, serving from DC to bandwidths
  well into the GHz range. The electrical analog of the mechanical beam balance, they are also the progenitor of all
  electrical differential techniques. and stability of the basic configuration. In particular, transducer manufacturers are quite adept at adapting the bridge
  to their needs (see Appendix A, “Strain Gauge Bridges”).
  Careful matching of the transducer’s mechanical characteristics to the bridge’s electrical response can provide a
  trimmed, calibrated output. Similarly, circuit designers
  have altered performance by adding active elements (e.g.,
  amplifiers) to the bridge, excitation source or both. Resistance Bridges
  Figure 1 shows a basic resistor bridge. The circuit is
  usually credited to Charles Wheatstone, although S. H.
  Christie, who demonstrated it in 1833, almost certainly
  preceded him.1 If all resistor values are equal (or the two
  sides ratios are equal) the differential voltage is zero. The
  excitation voltage does not alter this, as it affects both
  sides equally. When the bridge is operating off null, the
  excitation’s magnitude sets output sensitivity. The bridge …

• Download
  Linear Technology Magazine Circuit Collection, Volume III &mdash AN67
  PDF, 1.2 Mb, File published: Sep 1, 1996
  Application Note 67 is a collection of circuits for data conversion, interface and signal processing from the first five years of Linear Technology. This application note includes circuits such as fast video multiplexers for high speed video, an ultraselective bandpass filter circuit with adjustable gain, and a fully differential, 8-channel, 12-bit A/D system. The categories included in this app note are data conversion, interface, filters, instrumentation, video/op amps and miscellaneous circuits.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 67
  September 1996
  Linear Technology Magazine Circuit Collection, Volume III
  Data Conversion, Interface and Signal Processing
  Richard Markell, Editor
  INTRODUCTION
  Application Note 67 is a collection of circuits from the first
  five years of Linear Technology, targeting data conversion,
  interface and signal processing applications. This
  Application Note includes circuits such as fast video
  multiplexers for high speed video, an ultraselective
  bandpass filter circuit with adjustable gain and a fully differential, 8-channel, 12-bit A/D system. The categories
  included herein are data conversion, interface, filters,
  instrumentation, video/op amps and miscellaneous
  circuits. Application Note 66, which covers power products
  and circuits from Linear Technology ’s first five years, is
  also available from LTC. ARTICLE INDEX
  Data Conversion . 3
  Fully Differential, 8-Channel, 12-Bit A/D System Using the LTCВ®1390 and LTC1410 . 3
  12-Bit DAC Applications . 5
  LTC1329 Micropower, 8-Bit, Current Output DAC Used for Power Supply Adjustment,
  Trimmer Pot Replacement . 7
  12-Bit Cold Junction Compensated, Temperature Control System with Shutdown . 8 …

Design Notes

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  Designing with a New Family of Instrumentation Amplifiers &mdash DN40
  PDF, 554 Kb, File published: Oct 1, 1990
  Extract from the document

  Designing with a New Family of Instrumental Amplifiers
  Design Note 40
  Jim Williams
  A new family of IC instrumentation amplifiers achieves
  performance and cost advantages over other alternatives.
  Conceptually, an instrumentation amplifier is simple.
  Figure 1 shows that the device has passive, fully differential inputs, a single ended output and internally set
  gain. Additionally, the output is delivered with respect to
  the reference pin, which is usually grounded. Maintaining
  high performance with these features is difficult, accounting for the cost-performance disadvantages previously
  associated with instrumentation amplifiers.
  Figure 2 summarizes specifications for the amplifier
  family. The LTC В®1100 has the extremely low offset, drift,
  and bias current associated with chopper stabilization
  techniques. The LTВ®1101 requires only 105ВµA of supply
  current while retaining excellent DC characteristics. The
  FET input LT1102 features high speed while maintaining
  +
  – → NO FEEDBACK RESISTORS USED
  в†’ GAIN FIXED INTERNALLY (TYP 10 OR 100)
  OR SOMETIMES RESITOR PROGRAMMABLE
  в†’ BALANCED, PASSIVE INPUTS
  в†’ …

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  Signal Conditioning for Platinum Temperature Transducers &mdash DN45
  PDF, 69 Kb, File published: Mar 1, 1991
  Extract from the document

  Signal Conditioning for Platinum Temperature Transducers
  Design Note 45
  Jim Williams
  High accuracy, stability, and wide operating range make
  platinum RTDs (resistance temperature detectors)
  popular temperature transducers. Signal conditioning
  these devices requires care to utilize their desirable
  characteristics. Figure 1’s bridge-based circuit is highly
  accurate and features a ground referred RTD. The ground
  connection is often desirable for noise rejection. The
  bridges RTD leg is driven by a current source while the
  opposing bridge branch is voltage biased. The current
  drive allows the voltage across the RTD to vary directly
  with its temperature induced resistance shift. The difference between this potential and that of the opposing
  bridge leg forms the bridges output.
  A1A and instrumentation amplifier A2 form a voltage
  controlled current source. A1A, biased by the LTВ®1009
  reference, drives current through the 88.7О© resistor and
  the RTD. A2, sensing differentially across the 88.7Ω resistor, closes a loop back to A1A. The 2k-0.1μF combination sets amplifier roll-off, and the configuration
  is stable. Because A1A’s loop forces a fixed voltage
  across the 88.7О© resistor, the current through Rp is
  constant. A1’s operating point is primarily fixed by the
  2.5V LT1009 voltage reference. …

• Download
  3V Operation of Linear Technology Op Amps &mdash DN56
  PDF, 78 Kb, File published: Feb 1, 1992
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  3V Operation of Linear Technology Op Amps -Design Note 56
  George Erdi
  The latest trend in digital electronics is the introduction
  of numerous ICs operating on regulated 3V or 3.3V
  power supplies. This is a logical development to increase
  circuit densities and to reduce power dissipation. In addition, many systems are directly powered by two AA
  cells or 3V lithium batteries. Clearly, analog ICs which
  work on 3V with good dynamic range to complement
  these digital circuits are, and will be, in great demand.
  Many Linear Technology operational amplifiers work
  well on a 3V supply. The purpose of this design note
  is to list these devices and their performance when
  powered by 3V. The op amps can be divided into two
  groups: single and dual supply devices. The single supply
  op amps are optimized for, and fully specified at, a 5V
  positive supply with the negative supply terminal tied
  to ground. Input common mode voltage range goes
  below ground, and the output swings to within a few
  millivolts of ground while sinking current. Members of
  the single supply family are the micropower LTВ®1077/
  LT1078/LT1079 single, dual and quad op amps with
  40μA supply current per amplifier, the LT1178/LT1179 dual and quad with 13μA per amplifier. The LT1006/
  LT1013/LT1014 single, dual and quad have faster speed …

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Manufacturer's Classification

• Signal Conditioning > Amplifiers > Instrumentation Amplifiers
• Signal Conditioning > Amplifiers > Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps) > High Voltage Amplifiers (>12V)