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Application Notes

• Download
  Voltage Reference Circuit Collection &mdash AN42
  PDF, 1.7 Mb, File published: Jun 1, 1991
  A wide variety of voltage reference circuits are detailed in this extensive guidebook of circuits. The detailed schematics cover simple and precision approaches at a variety of power levels. Included are 2 and 3 terminal devices in series and shunt modes for positive and negative polarities. Appended sections cover resistor and capacitor selection and trimming techniques.
• Download
  Data Acquisition Circuit Collection &mdash AN62
  PDF, 349 Kb, File published: Oct 1, 1994
  This application note presents a wide variety of data acquisition circuits. The detailed circuit schematics cover 8-, 10-, and 12- bit ADC and DAC applications, serial and parallel digital interfaces, battery monitoring, temperature sensing, isolated interfaces, and connections to various popular microprocessors and microcontrollers. An appendix covers suggested voltage references.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 62
  October 1994
  Data Acquisition Circuit Collection
  Kevin R. Hoskins
  INTRODUCTION
  This application note features 8-, 10-, and 12-bit data
  acquisition components in various circuit configurations.
  The circuits include battery monitoring, temperature sensing, isolated serial interfaces, and microprocessor and
  microcontroller serial and parallel interfaces. Also included are voltage reference circuits (Application Note 42
  contains more voltage reference circuits). Additional circuit information is located in the information
  references listed in the Circuit Index. Each information
  reference refers to either an application note (example:
  AN42 = Application Note 42), a data sheet (example:
  LTCВ®1292 DS = LTC1292 Data Sheet), or a design note
  (example: DN66 = Design Note 66).
  and LTC are registered trademarks and LT is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. CIRCUIT INDEX
  FIGURE TITLE
  FIGURE NO.
  General Analog-to-Digital Application Circuits
  Two-Quadrant 150kHz Bandwidth Analog Multiplier . Figure 1 .
  Infinite Hold-Time Sample-and-Hold (tACQ = 240ns) . Figure 2 .
  Four-Quadrant 250kHz Bandwidth Analog Multiplier . Figure 3 .
  Demodulating a Signal Using Undersampling . Figure 4 . …

• Download
  Component and Measurement Advances Ensure 16-Bit DAC Settling Time &mdash AN74
  PDF, 980 Kb, File published: Jul 1, 1998
  DAC DC specifications are relatively easy to verify. AC specifications require more sophisticated approaches to produce reliable information. In particular, the settling time of the DAC and its output amplifier is extraordinarily difficult to determine to 16-bit resolution. This application note presents methods for 16-bit DAC settling time measurement and compares results. Appendices discuss oscilloscope overdrive, frequency compensation, circuit and optimization techniques, layout, power stages and a historical perspective of precision DACs.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 74
  July 1998
  Component and Measurement Advances Ensure
  16-Bit DAC Settling Time
  The art of timely accuracy
  Jim Williams
  Introduction
  Instrumentation, waveform generation, data acquisition,
  feedback control systems and other application areas are
  beginning to utilize 16-bit data converters. More specifically, 16-bit digital-to-analog converters (DACs) have
  seen increasing use. New components (see Components
  for 16-Bit Digital-to-Analog Conversion, page 2) have
  made 16-bit DACs a practical design alternative1. These
  ICs provide 16-bit performance at reasonable cost compared to previous modular and hybrid technologies. The
  DC and AC specifications of the monolithic DAC’s
  approach or equal previous converters at significantly
  lower cost.
  DAC Settling Time
  DAC DC specifications are relatively easy to verify. Measurement techniques are well understood, albeit often
  tedious. AC specifications require more sophisticated
  approaches to produce reliable information. In particular,
  the settling time of the DAC and its output amplifier is
  extraordinarily difficult to determine to 16-bit resolution. …

• Download
  Understanding and Applying Voltage References &mdash AN82
  PDF, 172 Kb, File published: Nov 1, 1999
  Just how do bandgaps and buried Zeners stack up against Weston cells? Did you know your circuit board may induce more drift in a reference than time and temperature? Learn the answers to these and other commonly asked reference questions ranging from burn-in recommendations to ΔVBE generation in this Application Note.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 82
  November 1999
  Understanding and Applying Voltage References 30
  2 4 20
  8 3
  10 –20
  16
  32 4
  –30 5 Today’s IC reference technology is divided along two
  lines: bandgap references, which balance the temperature coefficient of a forward-biased diode junction against
  that of a ∆VBE (see Appendix B); and buried Zeners (see
  Appendix A), which use subsurface breakdown to achieve
  outstanding long-term stability and low noise. With few
  exceptions, both reference types use additional on-chip
  circuitry to further minimize temperature drift and trim
  output voltage to an exact value. Bandgap references are
  generally used in systems of up to 12 bits; buried Zeners
  take over from there in higher accuracy systems.
  , LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. –1 5
  3
  2 64 6
  1 –40 As with other specialized electronic fields, the field of
  monolithic references has its own vocabulary. We’ve …

• Download
  A Standards Lab Grade 20-Bit DAC with 0.1ppm/В° Drift: The Dedicated Art of Digitizing One Part Per Million &mdash AN86
  PDF, 540 Kb, File published: Jan 1, 2001
  This publication details a true 1ppm D-to-A converter. Total DC error of this processor corrected DAC remains within 1ppm from 18-32°C, including reference drift. DAC error exclusive of reference drift is substantially better. Construction details and performance verification techniques are included, along with a complete software listing.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 86
  January 2001
  A Standards Lab Grade 20-Bit DAC with 0.1ppm/В°C Drift
  The Dedicated Art of Digitizing One Part Per Million
  Jim Williams
  J. Brubaker
  P. Copley
  J. Guerrero
  F. Oprescu INTRODUCTION
  Significant progress in high precision, instrumentation
  grade D-to-A conversion has recently occurred. Ten years
  ago 12-bit D-to-A converters (DACs) were considered
  premium devices. Today, 16-bit DACs are available and
  increasingly common in system design. These are true
  precision devices with less than 1LSB linearity error and
  1ppm/В°C drift.1 Nonetheless, there are DAC applications
  that require even higher performance. Automatic test
  equipment, instruments, calibration apparatus, laser trimmers, medical electronics and other applications often
  require DAC accuracy beyond 16 bits. 18-bit DACs have
  been produced in circuit assembly form, although they are
  expensive and require frequent calibration. 20 and even
  23+ (0.1ppm!) bit DACs are represented by manually
  switched Kelvin-Varley dividers. These devices, although …

Design Notes

• Download
  Signal Conditioning for Platinum Temperature Transducers &mdash DN45
  PDF, 69 Kb, File published: Mar 1, 1991
  Extract from the document

  Signal Conditioning for Platinum Temperature Transducers
  Design Note 45
  Jim Williams
  High accuracy, stability, and wide operating range make
  platinum RTDs (resistance temperature detectors)
  popular temperature transducers. Signal conditioning
  these devices requires care to utilize their desirable
  characteristics. Figure 1’s bridge-based circuit is highly
  accurate and features a ground referred RTD. The ground
  connection is often desirable for noise rejection. The
  bridges RTD leg is driven by a current source while the
  opposing bridge branch is voltage biased. The current
  drive allows the voltage across the RTD to vary directly
  with its temperature induced resistance shift. The difference between this potential and that of the opposing
  bridge leg forms the bridges output.
  A1A and instrumentation amplifier A2 form a voltage
  controlled current source. A1A, biased by the LTВ®1009
  reference, drives current through the 88.7О© resistor and
  the RTD. A2, sensing differentially across the 88.7Ω resistor, closes a loop back to A1A. The 2k-0.1μF combination sets amplifier roll-off, and the configuration
  is stable. Because A1A’s loop forces a fixed voltage
  across the 88.7О© resistor, the current through Rp is
  constant. A1’s operating point is primarily fixed by the
  2.5V LT1009 voltage reference. …

• Download
  Gain Trimming In Instrumentation Amplifier Based Systems &mdash DN51
  PDF, 78 Kb, File published: Jun 1, 1991
  Extract from the document

  Gain Trimming In Instrumentation Amplifier
  Based Systems – Design Note 51
  Jim Williams
  Gain trimming is almost always required in instrumentation amplifier based systems. Gain uncertainties, most
  notable in transducers, necessitate such a trim.
  Figure 1, a conceptual system, shows several points as
  candidates for the trim. In practice, only one of these
  must actually be used. The appropriate trim location
  varies with the individual application.
  Figure 2 approaches gain trimming by altering transducer excitation. The gain trim adjustment results in
  changes in the LT®1010’s output. The LT1027 reference
  and LT1097 ensure output stability. Transducer output varies with excitation, making this a viable approach.
  It is important to consider that gain “lost” by reducing
  transducer drive translates into reduced signal-to-noise
  ratio. As such, gain reduction by this method is usually
  limited to small trims, e.g., 5-10%. Similarly, too much
  gain introduced by this method can cause excessive
  transducer drive, degrading accuracy. The transducer
  manufacturer’s data sheet should list the maximum
  permissible drive for rated accuracy.
  L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks
  of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their
  respective owners. &9$*5"5*0/ …

Articles

• Download
  Component and Measurement Advances Ensure 16-Bit DAC Settling Time (Part One) &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 262 Kb, File published: Aug 1, 1998
  Extract from the document

  DESIGN INFORMATION Component and Measurement
  Advances Ensure 16-Bit DAC
  by Jim Williams
  Settling Time (Part One)
  Introduction
  Instrumentation, waveform generation, data acquisition, feedback
  control systems and other application
  areas are beginning to utilize 16-bit
  data converters. More specifically, 16bit digital-to-analog converters (DACs)
  have seen increasing use. New components (see the sidebar “Components
  for 16-Bit Digital-to-Analog Conversion” on page 31) have made 16-bit
  DACs a practical design alternative.
  These ICs provide 16-bit performance
  at reasonable cost compared to previous modular and hybrid technologies.
  The DC and AC specifications of the
  monolithic DACs approach or equal
  previous converters at significantly
  lower cost. DAC Settling Time
  DAC DC specifications are relatively
  easy to verify. Measurement techniques are well understood, albeit often
  tedious. AC specifications require
  more sophisticated approaches to
  produce reliable information. In particular, the settling time of the DAC …

• Download
  How to Choose a Voltage Reference &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 282 Kb, File published: Mar 1, 2009
  Extract from the document

  L DESIGN FEATURES How to Choose a Voltage Reference
  by Brendan Whelan Why Voltage References? 5V It is an analog world. All electronic
  devices must in some way interact with
  the “real” world, whether they are in
  an automobile, microwave oven or cell
  phone. To do that, electronics must be
  able to map real world measurements
  (speed, pressure, length, temperature)
  to a measurable quantity in the electronics world (voltage). Of course, to
  measure voltage, you need a standard
  to measure against. That standard is
  a voltage reference. The question for
  any system designer is not whether he
  needs a voltage reference, but rather,
  which one?
  A voltage reference is simply that—a
  circuit or circuit element that provides
  a known potential for as long as the circuit requires it. This may be minutes,
  hours or years. If a product requires
  information about the world, such VIN 18k LTC1286
  1
  2 LT1634-4.096 0.1ВµF 3
  4 VREF VCC +IN CLK –IN DOUT GND CS/SHDN 8 5V 7 …

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Manufacturer's Classification

• Signal Conditioning > Voltage References > Series Voltage References