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LT1236 LT1236ACN8-10 LT1236ACN8-5 LT1236ACS8-10 LT1236ACS8-5 LT1236AIN8-10 LT1236AIS8-10 LT1236AIS8-5 LT1236BCN8-10 LT1236BCN8-5 LT1236BCS8-10 LT1236BIN8-10 LT1236BIN8-5 LT1236BIS8-10 LT1236BIS8-5 LT1236CCN8-10 LT1236CCN8-5 LT1236CCS8-10 LT1236CCS8-5 LT1236CIN8-10 LT1236CIN8-5 LT1236CIS8-10 LT1236CIS8-5

Application Notes

• Download
  Component and Measurement Advances Ensure 16-Bit DAC Settling Time &mdash AN74
  PDF, 980 Kb, File published: Jul 1, 1998
  DAC DC specifications are relatively easy to verify. AC specifications require more sophisticated approaches to produce reliable information. In particular, the settling time of the DAC and its output amplifier is extraordinarily difficult to determine to 16-bit resolution. This application note presents methods for 16-bit DAC settling time measurement and compares results. Appendices discuss oscilloscope overdrive, frequency compensation, circuit and optimization techniques, layout, power stages and a historical perspective of precision DACs.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 74
  July 1998
  Component and Measurement Advances Ensure
  16-Bit DAC Settling Time
  The art of timely accuracy
  Jim Williams
  Introduction
  Instrumentation, waveform generation, data acquisition,
  feedback control systems and other application areas are
  beginning to utilize 16-bit data converters. More specifically, 16-bit digital-to-analog converters (DACs) have
  seen increasing use. New components (see Components
  for 16-Bit Digital-to-Analog Conversion, page 2) have
  made 16-bit DACs a practical design alternative1. These
  ICs provide 16-bit performance at reasonable cost compared to previous modular and hybrid technologies. The
  DC and AC specifications of the monolithic DAC’s
  approach or equal previous converters at significantly
  lower cost.
  DAC Settling Time
  DAC DC specifications are relatively easy to verify. Measurement techniques are well understood, albeit often
  tedious. AC specifications require more sophisticated
  approaches to produce reliable information. In particular,
  the settling time of the DAC and its output amplifier is
  extraordinarily difficult to determine to 16-bit resolution. …

• Download
  Understanding and Applying Voltage References &mdash AN82
  PDF, 172 Kb, File published: Nov 1, 1999
  Just how do bandgaps and buried Zeners stack up against Weston cells? Did you know your circuit board may induce more drift in a reference than time and temperature? Learn the answers to these and other commonly asked reference questions ranging from burn-in recommendations to ΔVBE generation in this Application Note.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 82
  November 1999
  Understanding and Applying Voltage References 30
  2 4 20
  8 3
  10 –20
  16
  32 4
  –30 5 Today’s IC reference technology is divided along two
  lines: bandgap references, which balance the temperature coefficient of a forward-biased diode junction against
  that of a ∆VBE (see Appendix B); and buried Zeners (see
  Appendix A), which use subsurface breakdown to achieve
  outstanding long-term stability and low noise. With few
  exceptions, both reference types use additional on-chip
  circuitry to further minimize temperature drift and trim
  output voltage to an exact value. Bandgap references are
  generally used in systems of up to 12 bits; buried Zeners
  take over from there in higher accuracy systems.
  , LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. –1 5
  3
  2 64 6
  1 –40 As with other specialized electronic fields, the field of
  monolithic references has its own vocabulary. We’ve …

• Download
  A Standards Lab Grade 20-Bit DAC with 0.1ppm/В° Drift: The Dedicated Art of Digitizing One Part Per Million &mdash AN86
  PDF, 540 Kb, File published: Jan 1, 2001
  This publication details a true 1ppm D-to-A converter. Total DC error of this processor corrected DAC remains within 1ppm from 18-32°C, including reference drift. DAC error exclusive of reference drift is substantially better. Construction details and performance verification techniques are included, along with a complete software listing.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 86
  January 2001
  A Standards Lab Grade 20-Bit DAC with 0.1ppm/В°C Drift
  The Dedicated Art of Digitizing One Part Per Million
  Jim Williams
  J. Brubaker
  P. Copley
  J. Guerrero
  F. Oprescu INTRODUCTION
  Significant progress in high precision, instrumentation
  grade D-to-A conversion has recently occurred. Ten years
  ago 12-bit D-to-A converters (DACs) were considered
  premium devices. Today, 16-bit DACs are available and
  increasingly common in system design. These are true
  precision devices with less than 1LSB linearity error and
  1ppm/В°C drift.1 Nonetheless, there are DAC applications
  that require even higher performance. Automatic test
  equipment, instruments, calibration apparatus, laser trimmers, medical electronics and other applications often
  require DAC accuracy beyond 16 bits. 18-bit DACs have
  been produced in circuit assembly form, although they are
  expensive and require frequent calibration. 20 and even
  23+ (0.1ppm!) bit DACs are represented by manually
  switched Kelvin-Varley dividers. These devices, although …

Design Notes

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  New Voltage References Are Smaller and More Precise &mdash DN145
  PDF, 84 Kb, File published: Jan 1, 1997
  Extract from the document

  Voltage References Are Smaller and More Precise
  Design Note 145
  John Wright
  Introduction
  Two new series voltage references bridge the gap
  between small package size and high precision. Advances in design, process and packaging have made the
  introduction of these new voltage references possible.
  The low power LTВ®1460 is designed for minimum space
  and is available in all popular voltages, including 2.5V,
  5V and 10V. By contrast, the LT1236 is designed for
  use in 12-bit and higher systems and combines 0.05%
  accuracy, low noise, low drift and the SO-8 package
  for difficult industrial temperature range applications.
  Longer Battery Life with Precision
  The LT1460 low power, series reference has a large
  advantage over older shunt-style references. Shunt
  references require a resistor from the power supply
  to operate. This resistor must be chosen to supply the
  maximum current that can ever be demanded by the
  circuit being regulated. When the circuit being controlled
  is not operating at this maximum current, the shunt
  reference must always sink this current, resulting in
  high dissipation and short battery life. Because the …

• Download
  24-Bit ADC Measures from DC to Daylight &mdash DN219
  PDF, 76 Kb, File published: Dec 1, 1999
  Extract from the document

  24-Bit ADC Measures from DC to Daylight – Design Note 219
  Derek Redmayne
  The need to measure a wide variety of physical phenomena is increasingly important in intelligent sensors. The
  following circuit gives eight examples of the flexibility of
  the LTC В®2408 for sensing real world phenomena. The
  eight inputs of the LTC2408 are used here in a variety
  of ways that would not be practical without the dynamic
  range of the LTC2408.
  GUARD RING 5V ELECTROMETER
  INPUT
  (pH, PIEZO) 3 7 + 2 R5
  5k, 1% 6 LT1793 All of the examples shown use single-ended sensing
  and an absolute minimum of external circuitry. Inputs
  to the circuit shown range from high voltage DC to
  ultraviolet light. Output data represents amplitude or
  power levels for signals in all the AC inputs.
  L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks
  of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their
  respective owners.
  DC
  VOLTMETER
  INPUT
  1mV TO 1000V R1 …

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  Don't Be Fooled By Voltage Reference Long-Term Drift and Hysteresis &mdash DN229
  PDF, 98 Kb, File published: Apr 3, 2001
  Extract from the document

  Don’t Be Fooled by Voltage Reference Long-Term Drift
  and Hysteresis – Design Note 229
  John Wright Lies About Long-Term Drift
  Some manufacturers are now touting phenomenal
  long-term drift specifications, based on accelerated
  high temperature testing. THIS IS A DELIBERATE
  LIE! Long-term drift cannot be extrapolated from
  accelerated high temperature testing. The only way
  long-term drift can be determined is to measure it over
  the time interval of interest. The erroneous technique
  produces numbers that are wildly optimistic and uses
  the Arrhenius Equation to derive an acceleration factor
  from elevated temperature readings. The equation is:
  AF = e EA вЋ› 1 1 вЋћ
  ⎜ – ⎟
  K вЋќ T1 T2вЋ  where: E A = Activation Energy (Assume 0.7)
  K = Boltzmann’s Constant
  T2 = Test Condition in В°Kelvin
  T1 = Use Condition Temperature in В°Kelvin Equation the acceleration factor is 767 and the projected
  “bogus” long-term drift is 0.156ppm/1000hr at 30°C.
  For a 2.5V reference, this corresponds to a 0.39ОјV shift
  after 1000 hours. This is pretty hard to determine (read
  impossible) if the peak-to-peak output noise is larger …

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  Dual 25ВµV Micropower Op Amp Fits in 3mm x 3mm Package &mdash DN331
  PDF, 82 Kb, File published: Feb 2, 2004
  Extract from the document

  Dual 25ВµV Micropower Op Amp Fits in 3mm Г— 3mm Package
  Design Note 331
  Glen Brisebois
  Introduction
  Conventional monolithic micropower op amps with a
  wide supply voltage range require a large die area and
  therefore, a large package and footprint. The unconventional LTВ®6011 dual op amp п¬Ѓts 25ОјV input precision
  micropower operation and wide 2.7V to 36V supply range
  in a tiny new package—its 3mm × 3mm DFN package
  is so small it doesn’t even have leads. The LT6011 also
  provides rail-to-rail output swing and utilizes superbeta
  input transistors to achieve picoampere input currents.
  Hall Sensor Amplifier
  Figure 1 shows the LT6011 applied as a low power Hall
  sensor amplifier. The magnetic sensitivity of a Hall sensor is proportional to the DC excitation voltage applied
  across it. With a 1V bias voltage, the sensitivity of this
  Hall sensor is specified as 4mV/mTesla of magnetic
  п¬Ѓeld. At that level of DC bias, however, the 400О© bridge
  consumes 2.5mA. Reducing the excitation voltage would
  reduce the power consumption, but it would also reduce
  the sensitivity. This is where the beauty of precision
  micropower amplification becomes especially apparent.
  The LT1790-1.25 micropower reference provides a …

Articles

• Download
  Component and Measurement Advances Ensure 16-Bit DAC Settling Time (Part One) &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 262 Kb, File published: Aug 1, 1998
  Extract from the document

  DESIGN INFORMATION Component and Measurement
  Advances Ensure 16-Bit DAC
  by Jim Williams
  Settling Time (Part One)
  Introduction
  Instrumentation, waveform generation, data acquisition, feedback
  control systems and other application
  areas are beginning to utilize 16-bit
  data converters. More specifically, 16bit digital-to-analog converters (DACs)
  have seen increasing use. New components (see the sidebar “Components
  for 16-Bit Digital-to-Analog Conversion” on page 31) have made 16-bit
  DACs a practical design alternative.
  These ICs provide 16-bit performance
  at reasonable cost compared to previous modular and hybrid technologies.
  The DC and AC specifications of the
  monolithic DACs approach or equal
  previous converters at significantly
  lower cost. DAC Settling Time
  DAC DC specifications are relatively
  easy to verify. Measurement techniques are well understood, albeit often
  tedious. AC specifications require
  more sophisticated approaches to
  produce reliable information. In particular, the settling time of the DAC …

• Download
  LTC2400 Differential Bridge Digitizers &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 120 Kb, File published: Jun 1, 1999
  Extract from the document

  DESIGN IDEAS LTC2400 Differential Bridge Digitizers
  by Kevin R. Hoskins and Derek Redmayne
  Both circuits combine an LTC1043
  precision switched capacitor block and
  an LTC1050 chopper stabilized op amp,
  creating a differential input, singleended output bridge amplifier that has
  a rail-to-rail common mode input
  range. The LTC1043 samples a differential input voltage, holds it on CS and
  transfers it to a ground-referred capacitor, CH. The voltage on CH is applied
  to the LTC1050’s noninverting input
  and amplified by the gain set by resistors R1 and R2 (101 for the values
  shown). The amplifier’s output is then
  converted to a digital value by the
  LTC2400.
  The LTC1043 achieves its best differential to single-ended conversion
  when its internal switching frequency
  is set by a 0.01ВµF capacitor, C1, and
  when 1ВµF capacitors are used for CS
  and CH. Using any other value will
  compromise the accuracy. For
  example, a C1 value of 0.1µF will typically increase the circuit’s overall
  nonlinearity tenfold. CS and CH should
  be a film type such as mylar or polypropylene. Conversion accuracy is …

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  How to Choose a Voltage Reference &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 282 Kb, File published: Mar 1, 2009
  Extract from the document

  L DESIGN FEATURES How to Choose a Voltage Reference
  by Brendan Whelan Why Voltage References? 5V It is an analog world. All electronic
  devices must in some way interact with
  the “real” world, whether they are in
  an automobile, microwave oven or cell
  phone. To do that, electronics must be
  able to map real world measurements
  (speed, pressure, length, temperature)
  to a measurable quantity in the electronics world (voltage). Of course, to
  measure voltage, you need a standard
  to measure against. That standard is
  a voltage reference. The question for
  any system designer is not whether he
  needs a voltage reference, but rather,
  which one?
  A voltage reference is simply that—a
  circuit or circuit element that provides
  a known potential for as long as the circuit requires it. This may be minutes,
  hours or years. If a product requires
  information about the world, such VIN 18k LTC1286
  1
  2 LT1634-4.096 0.1ВµF 3
  4 VREF VCC +IN CLK –IN DOUT GND CS/SHDN 8 5V 7 …

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Manufacturer's Classification

• Signal Conditioning > Voltage References > Series Voltage References