Articles Supply - 4

In test-and-measurement applications, you must provide overvoltage protection for the output terminals of amplifiers, power supplies, and similar components. The conventional way to accomplish this task is to add series resistors with the output ...

There are thousands of different switching regulators on the market. Selection is based on specifications such as input voltage range, output voltage capability, maximum output current, and a slew of other parameters. This article explains current ...

Every PWM DAC design needs analog filtering to separate the desired PWM duty-cycle-proportional DC component from unwanted AC ripple. The simplest of these is the basic RC low-pass filter, which gives a peak-to-peak ripple amplitude (for the worst ...

Although current mirrors and circuits such as the Howland current source are taught in analog circuit courses, a surprising number of engineers tend to think exclusively in terms of voltage when defining the output of precision analog circuitry. ...

Permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motors offer smaller solution size and increased efficiency in applications such as portable vacuums and cordless electric power tools. When designing an isolated power supply for PMDC motors, there are several ...

The popular and multiply sourced TL431 three-terminal shunt regulator offers designers considerable versatility in its applications. Figure 1a illustrates the TL431’s internal circuitry, which comprises a precision voltage reference, an ...

Many electronics circuits begin operation at voltages below 1.25 V. But popular adjustable regulators such as the LM317 , LM350 , and LM338 can provide output voltages only above 1.25 V, and the L200 minimum is higher at 2.85 V. Fixed-output ...

How do you deliver constant power when the load impedance isn't constant? That problem arises, for example, in trying to maintain a warm LCD display on an outdoor gas pump in cold climates. As the heating element changes temperature, its ...

Audio amplifiers for high-power portable speakers such as trolley speakers usually operate with lithium-ion batteries, and these batteries can vary from a single cell to a few cells in series. Designers generally use boost converters to produce the ...

A power supply that I was examining used an opto-coupler in its feedback path for control of its output voltage. This is a commonplace and well established design approach, but the feedback loop’s unconditional loop stability was not ...