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Application Notes

• Download
  Using the LTC Op Amp Macromodels &mdash AN48
  PDF, 297 Kb, File published: Nov 8, 1991
  LTC's op amp macromodels are described in detail, along with the theory behind each model and complete schematics of each topology. Extended modeling topics are discussed, such as phase/frequency response modifications and asymmetric slew rate for JFET op amp models. LTC's macromodels are optimized for accuracy and fast simulation times. Simulation times can be further reduced by using streamlining techniques found throughout AN48.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 48
  November 1991
  Using the LTC Op Amp Macromodels
  Getting the Most from SPICE and the LTC Library
  Walt Jung INTRODUCTION This application note is an overview discussion of the
  Linear Technology SPICE macromodel library. It assumes
  little if any prior knowledge of this software library or its
  history. However, it does assume familiarity with both the
  analog simulation program SPICE (or one of its many
  derivatives), and modern day op amps, including bipolar,
  JFET, and MOSFET amplifier technologies.
  Some Preliminary SPICE Facts of Life
  In the past few years, SPICE simulations have really begun
  to capture a high level of attention on the part of analog
  circuit designers. Perhaps this is due to more affordable
  high performance computers, or perhaps the time for
  simulation is now upon us. In any event, the bottom line is
  that IC vendors are now making macromodels for op amps
  available to their customers.
  For the analog circuit designer, there can be no better fate
  for simulations, viewing this situation in terms of which
  model to use. Designers no longer need worry about
  whether the third party supplier’s model can really cut it. …

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  Techniques for 92% Efficient LCD Illumination &mdash AN55
  PDF, 688 Kb, File published: Aug 1, 1993
  This publication details several LCD backlight circuits which feature 92% efficiency. Other benefits include low voltage operation, synchronizing capability, higher output power for color displays, and extended dimming range. Extensive coverage of practical issues includes layout problems, multi-lamp displays, safety and reliability concerns and efficiency and photometric measurements. Also included is a review of circuits which did not work along with appropriate commentary.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 55
  August 1993
  Techniques for 92% Efficient LCD Illumination
  Waste Not, Want Not .
  Jim Williams
  INTRODUCTION
  In August of 1992 LTC published Application Note 49,
  “Illumination Circuitry for Liquid Crystal Displays.” One
  notable aspect of this event is that it generated more
  response than all previous LTC application notes combined. This level of interest, along with significant performance advances since AN-49’s appearance, justifies
  further discussion of LCD backlighting circuitry.
  This publication includes pertinent information from the
  previous effort in addition to updated sections and a large
  body of new material. The partial repetition is a small
  penalty compared to the benefits of text flow, completeness and time efficient communication. The most noteworthy performance advance is achievement of 92%
  efficiency for the backlight power supply. Additional new
  benefits include low voltage operation, synchronizing capability, higher output power for color displays, and extended dimming range.
  A practical 92% efficient LCD backlight design is a classic
  study of compromise in a transduced electronic system.
  Every aspect of the design is interrelated, and the physical
  embodiment is an integral part of the electrical circuit. The
  choice and location of the lamp, wires, display housing
  and other items has a major effect on electrical characteristics. The greatest care in every detail is required to …

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  Using the LTC1325 Battery Management IC: &mdash AN64
  PDF, 385 Kb, File published: Aug 2, 1996
  Application Note 64 details characteristics of various battery types and appropriate charging management schemes. The LTC1325 battery management IC is highlighted along with information for applying it to any type battery. Techniques and circuitry for conditioning, charging and monitoring NiCd, NiMH, Li-Ion and Lead-Acid batteries are presented.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 64
  August 1996
  Using the LTC1325 Battery Management IC
  Anthony Ng, Peter Schwartz, Robert Reay,
  Richard Markell
  INTRODUCTION
  For a variety of reasons, it is desirable to charge batteries
  as rapidly as possible. At the same time, overcharging
  must be limited to prolong battery life. Such limitation of
  overcharging depends on factors such as the choice of
  charge termination technique and the use of multi-rate/
  multi-stage charging schemes. The majority of battery
  charger ICs available today lock the user into one fixed
  charging regimen, with at best a limited number of
  customization options to suit a variety of application needs
  or battery types. The LTCВ®1325 addresses these shortcomings by providing the user with all the functional
  blocks needed to implement a simple but highly flexible
  battery charger (see Figure 1) which not only addresses
  the issue of charging batteries but also those of battery
  conditioning and capacity monitoring. A microprocessor
  interacts with the LTC1325 through a serial interface to
  control the operation of its functional blocks, allowing
  software to expand the scope and flexibility of the charger …

• Download
  Linear Technology Magazine Circuit Collection, Volume III &mdash AN67
  PDF, 1.2 Mb, File published: Sep 1, 1996
  Application Note 67 is a collection of circuits for data conversion, interface and signal processing from the first five years of Linear Technology. This application note includes circuits such as fast video multiplexers for high speed video, an ultraselective bandpass filter circuit with adjustable gain, and a fully differential, 8-channel, 12-bit A/D system. The categories included in this app note are data conversion, interface, filters, instrumentation, video/op amps and miscellaneous circuits.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 67
  September 1996
  Linear Technology Magazine Circuit Collection, Volume III
  Data Conversion, Interface and Signal Processing
  Richard Markell, Editor
  INTRODUCTION
  Application Note 67 is a collection of circuits from the first
  five years of Linear Technology, targeting data conversion,
  interface and signal processing applications. This
  Application Note includes circuits such as fast video
  multiplexers for high speed video, an ultraselective
  bandpass filter circuit with adjustable gain and a fully differential, 8-channel, 12-bit A/D system. The categories
  included herein are data conversion, interface, filters,
  instrumentation, video/op amps and miscellaneous
  circuits. Application Note 66, which covers power products
  and circuits from Linear Technology ’s first five years, is
  also available from LTC. ARTICLE INDEX
  Data Conversion . 3
  Fully Differential, 8-Channel, 12-Bit A/D System Using the LTCВ®1390 and LTC1410 . 3
  12-Bit DAC Applications . 5
  LTC1329 Micropower, 8-Bit, Current Output DAC Used for Power Supply Adjustment,
  Trimmer Pot Replacement . 7
  12-Bit Cold Junction Compensated, Temperature Control System with Shutdown . 8 …

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  A Seven-Nanosecond Comparator for Single Supply Operation &mdash AN72
  PDF, 882 Kb, File published: May 1, 1998
  AN72 is an extensive discussion of the causes and cures of problems in very high speed comparator circuits. A separate applications section uses the 7ns LT1394 in V-to-F converters, crystal oscillators, clock skew generators, triggers, sampling configurations and a nanosecond pulse stretcher. Appendices cover related topics.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 72
  May 1998
  A Seven-Nanosecond Comparator
  for Single Supply Operation
  Guidance for Putting Civilized Speed to Work
  Jim Williams INTRODUCTION
  In 1985 Linear Technology Corporation introduced the
  LT В®1016 Comparator. This device was the first readily
  usable, high speed TTL comparator. Previous ICs were
  either too slow or unstable, preventing widespread
  acceptance. The LT1016 was, and is, a highly successful
  product.
  Recent technology trends have emphasized low power,
  single supply operation. The LT1016, although capable of
  such operation, does not include ground in its input range.
  As such, it must be biased into its operating common
  mode range for practical single supply use. A new device,
  the LT1394, maintains the speed and application civility of
  its predecessor while including ground in its input operating range. Additionally, the new comparator is faster and
  pulls significantly lower operating current than the LT1016.
  This publication borrows shamelessly from earlier LTC
  efforts, while introducing new material.1 It approximates,
  affixes, appends, abridges, amends, abbreviates, abrogates, ameliorates and augments the previous work.2 …

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  Bias Voltage and Current Sense Circuits for Avalanche Photodiodes &mdash AN92
  PDF, 1.1 Mb, File published: Nov 1, 2002
  Avalanche photodiodes, used in laser based fiberoptic systems, require high voltage bias and accurate, wide range current monitoring. Bias voltage varies from 15V-90V and current ranges from 100nA to 1mA, a 10,000:1 dynamic range. This publication presents various 5 volt powered circuits which meet these requirements. Appended sections detail specific circuit techniques and cover measurement practice.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 92
  November 2002
  Bias Voltage and Current Sense Circuits for
  Avalanche Photodiodes
  Feeding and Reading the APD
  Jim Williams, Linear Technology Corporation
  INTRODUCTION
  Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are widely utilized in laser
  based fiberoptic systems to convert optical data into
  electrical form. The APD is usually packaged with a signal
  conditioning amplifier in a small module. An APD receiver
  module and attendant circuitry appears in Figure 1. The
  APD module (figure right) contains the APD and a transimpedance (e.g., current-to-voltage) amplifier. An optical
  port permits interfacing fiberoptic cable to the APD’s
  photosensitive portion. The module’s compact construction facilitates a direct, low loss connection between the
  APD and the amplifier, necessary because of the extremely
  high speed data rates involved.
  The receiver module needs support circuitry. The APD
  requires a relatively high voltage bias (figure left) to
  operate, typically 20V to 90V. This voltage is set by the bias
  supply’s programming port. This programming voltage
  may also include corrections for the APD’s temperature
  dependent response. Additionally, it is desirable to monitor the APD’s average current (figure center), which indi-cates optical signal strength. This information can be …

Design Notes

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  The LTC1446/LTC1446L: World's First Dual 12-Bit DACs in SO-8 &mdash DN131
  PDF, 77 Kb, File published: Jun 3, 1996
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  The LTC1446/LTC1446L: World’s First Dual 12-Bit DACs in SO-8
  Design Note 131
  Hassan Malik and Kevin R. Hoskins
  The LTCВ®1446/LTC1446L are the п¬Ѓrst dual, single supply,
  rail-to-rail voltage output 12-bit DACs. Both parts include
  an internal reference and two DACs with rail-to-rail
  output buffer amplifiers, packaged into a space-saving
  8-pin SO or PDIP package. The LTC1446’s patented
  architecture is inherently monotonic and has excellent
  12-bit DNL, guaranteed to be less than 0.5LSB. These
  parts have an easy-to-use SPI compatible interface that
  allows daisy-chaining.
  Low Power 5V or 3V Single Supply
  The LTC1446 has an output swing of 0V to 4.095V, with
  each LSB equal to 1mV. It operates from a single 4.5V
  to 5.5V supply, drawing 1mA. The LTC1446L has an
  output swing of 0V to 2.5V, operates on a single 2.7V
  to 5.5V supply and draws 650ОјA.
  Complete Stand-Alone Performance
  Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the LTC1446/
  LTC1446L. The data inputs for both DAC A and DAC B
  are clocked into one 24-bit shift register. The п¬Ѓrst 12-bit
  segment is for DAC A and the second is for DAC B. Each 12-bit segment is loaded MSB п¬Ѓrst and latched into the …

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  Micropower, Single Supply Applications: (1) A Self-Biased, Buffered Reference (2) Megaohm Input Impedance Difference Amplifier &mdash DN23
  PDF, 199 Kb, File published: Jun 1, 1989
  Extract from the document

  Micropower, Single Supply Applications:
  (1) A Self-Biased, Buffered Reference
  (2) Megaohm Input Impedance Difference Amplifier
  Design Note 23
  Walt Jung and George Erdi
  A Self-Biased, Buffered Reference
  Voltage reference circuits are common to precision analog
  designs, in a wide variety of forms. They can be either
  two or three terminal in basic configuration, and may or
  may not also provide buffering against line and/or load
  immunity. Micropower analog circuits are growing in both
  fashion as well as performance, and micropower voltage
  references have been available. However, it is not often
  that a micropower reference combines common features
  of very low DC errors, and line/load buffering. The circuit
  of Figure 1 is an unusual form of reference circuit, in that
  it achieves these goals.
  The leading virtue of this circuit lies in how it capitalizes
  on some key operating features for all of the devices used.
  First, the LTВ®1034, a 1.2V two terminal reference diode
  allows basic low TC micropower operation, by virtue of its (4V TO 9V)
  2
  3nA – 8 A …

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  A Single Amplifier, Precision High Voltage Instrument Amp &mdash DN25
  PDF, 71 Kb, File published: Aug 1, 1989
  Extract from the document

  A Single Amplifier, Precision High Voltage Instrument Amp
  Design Note 25
  Walt Jung and George Erdi
  be relatively simple, while at the same time capable of
  high performance. Whereas dual summing amplifier
  setups can provide high input-voltage qualifications,
  a more simple single amp solution is often sought. An
  IA topology which achieves all the above objectives
  is shown in Figure 1, the “Precision High Voltage IA.”
  The circuit employs the virtues of two key parts in
  performing its function; the resistor array and the op
  amp used with it. Instrumentation amplifier (IA) circuits abound in analog
  systems, in fact virtually any linear applications handbook will show many useful variations on the concept (1).
  While this may be somewhat bewildering to a newcomer,
  all the variations have uses which are differentiated and
  valuable. A good working knowledge of the alternate
  forms can be a powerful tool towards designing costeffective high performance linear circuits.
  A case in point is a single amplifier precision qualified
  high voltage IA. This circuit must withstand very high
  common mode voltages at the input, yet it should still L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks
  of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their
  respective owners. R5
  975k R1 …

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  Chopper vs Bipolar Op Amps—An Unbiased Comparison &mdash DN42
  PDF, 70 Kb, File published: Dec 1, 1990
  Extract from the document

  Chopper vs Bipolar Op Amps—An Unbiased Comparison
  Design Note 42
  George Erdi Table 1 lists the parameters of importance. In all input
  parameters (except noise) the advantage unquestionably goes to the choppers. 5ОјV maximum offset voltage, 0.5ОјV/В°C maximum drift are commonly found
  Table 1. Chopper Stabilized vs Precision Bipolar Op Amps
  ADVANTAGE
  PARAMETER
  Offset Voltage
  Offset Drift
  All Other DC Specs CHOPPER BIPOLAR COMMENTS
  вњ“
  вњ“
  вњ“ No Contest Wideband, 20Hz to
  1MHz вњ“ See Details in Text Noise вњ“ See Details in Text вњ“ Rail to Rail Swing
  2mA Limit on
  Choppers Output: Light Load
  Heavy Load
  Single Supply
  Application вњ“ вњ“ Inherent to
  Choppers Needs
  Special Design
  Bipolars В±15V Supply Voltage вњ“ Except LTC1150 Prejudice/Tradition вњ“ Still a Chopper
  Problem Cost 08/90/86_conv вњ“ Unless DC …

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  3V Operation of Linear Technology Op Amps &mdash DN56
  PDF, 78 Kb, File published: Feb 1, 1992
  Extract from the document

  3V Operation of Linear Technology Op Amps -Design Note 56
  George Erdi
  The latest trend in digital electronics is the introduction
  of numerous ICs operating on regulated 3V or 3.3V
  power supplies. This is a logical development to increase
  circuit densities and to reduce power dissipation. In addition, many systems are directly powered by two AA
  cells or 3V lithium batteries. Clearly, analog ICs which
  work on 3V with good dynamic range to complement
  these digital circuits are, and will be, in great demand.
  Many Linear Technology operational amplifiers work
  well on a 3V supply. The purpose of this design note
  is to list these devices and their performance when
  powered by 3V. The op amps can be divided into two
  groups: single and dual supply devices. The single supply
  op amps are optimized for, and fully specified at, a 5V
  positive supply with the negative supply terminal tied
  to ground. Input common mode voltage range goes
  below ground, and the output swings to within a few
  millivolts of ground while sinking current. Members of
  the single supply family are the micropower LTВ®1077/
  LT1078/LT1079 single, dual and quad op amps with
  40μA supply current per amplifier, the LT1178/LT1179 dual and quad with 13μA per amplifier. The LT1006/
  LT1013/LT1014 single, dual and quad have faster speed …

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  12-Bit Rail-to-Rail Micropower DACs in an SO-8 &mdash DN96
  PDF, 76 Kb, File published: Feb 1, 1995
  Extract from the document

  12-Bit Rail-to-Rail Micropower DACs in an SO-8
  Design Note 96
  Hassan Malik and Jim Brubaker
  The LTC В®1451, LTC1452 and LTC1453 are complete,
  single supply, rail-to-rail voltage output 12-bit digitalto-analog (DAC) converters. They include an output
  buffer amplifier and a space saving SPI compatible
  three-wire serial interface. There is also a data output pin
  that allows daisy-chaining multiple DACs. These DACs
  use a proprietary architecture which guarantees a DNL
  (Differential Nonlinearity) error of less than 0.5LSB. The
  typical DNL error is about 0.2LSB as shown in FigureВ 1.
  There is a built-in power-on reset that resets the output
  to zero scale. The output amplifier can swing to within
  5mV of VCC when unloaded and can source or sink 5mA
  even at a 4.5V supply. These DACs come in an 8-pin
  PDIP and SO-8 package.
  5V and 3V Operation
  The LTC1451 has an on-board reference of 2.048V and
  a nominal output swing of 4.095V. It operates from a
  single 4.5V to 5.5V supply dissipating 2mW (ICC(TYP)
  = 400ОјA).
  The LTC1452 is a multiplying DAC with no on-board
  reference and a full-scale output of twice the reference …

Articles

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  Infinite Sample-and-Hold Outperforms Many Legacy Sample-and-Hold Amplifiers &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 159 Kb, File published: Nov 1, 2000
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  DESIGN IDEAS Infinite Sample-and-Hold Outperforms
  Many Legacy Sample-and-Hold
  Amplifiers
  by Derek Redmayne
  Many applications requiring
  sample-and-hold amplifiers have been
  left high and dry by the dearth of
  these devices in today’s catalogs. The
  use of an ADC followed by a DAC can
  provide this function, as well as producing characteristics not possible
  with a conventional sample-and-hold.
  The circuit shown in Figure 1 is a
  simple and compact implementation
  of a topology referred to as an “infinite
  sample-and-hold.” It does not, in fact,
  hold for an infinite length of time but
  will do so until the power is turned off
  or until a new sample is required. The
  reason it is termed “infinite” is that it
  does not droop. It is formed from an
  ADC feeding a DAC. There is no droop
  because the sample is held as a digital code in the registers of the DAC.
  The overall accuracy of the infinite …

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Manufacturer's Classification

• Signal Conditioning > Amplifiers > Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps) > Precision Amplifiers (Vos | High Voltage Amplifiers (>12V) | Low Power Amplifiers (Is < 1mA/amp)