A typical analog moving-coil voltmeter employs a high-value series resistor, R_S, to establish the full-scale range but doesn't contribute to electromagnetic damping of the meter movement

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• Article «Electromechanical damping stabilizes analog-meter readings»
• Figure 1. A typical analog moving-coil voltmeter employs a high-value series resistor, R_S, to establish the full-scale range but doesn't contribute to electromagnetic damping of the meter movement
• Figure 2. An operational amplifier's low output resistance provides electromechanical damping for a moving-coil meter for stable readings and enhanced resistance to mechanical shock and vibration. Connect V_CC to either an external power supply or the cir
• Figure 3. Based on rail-to-rail operational amplifier IC₁, this circuit's input stage forms a diodeless, precision full-wave rectifier and enables the circuit of Figure 2 to display ac- or dc-voltage measurements on a dc meter