.. perfect supply regulation. It first doubles and then inverts 5 V to generate nominally symmetrical positive and negative 10-volt rails which can each handily supply several milliamps. The complete converter consists of two inexpensive generic ...
.. transition. Instead, transistors Q610 and Q611 are simple source-followers. As the gate voltage rises more than about a volt above the present value of net VeeDrive shown in Figure 1 at the source terminals of Q610 and Q611, Q611 turns ...
.. op-amp outputs “live” and below zero volts is a job where a few milliamps and volts (or even fractions of one volt) of regulated negative rail can be key to achieving accurate analog performance. The need for voltage regulation ...
.. Figure 1. Adjustable current sink with good precision and other desirable characteristics. To start with, a 2.5-volt voltage reference is produced by an inexpensive shunt regulator chip. The long-used and widely available (and ...
.. C temperature coefficient. A1 servo controls A2 FET switched current sink via clock synchronized flip-flop to maintain zero volt summing junction (Σ). Loop repetition frequency directly conforms to input voltage. In charge pump ...
.. it relies on electromechanical relays for switching, the archaic technology being attractive because this SD has a 300-volt full scale output. There are of course ways to implement solid state (i.e., fast) switching solutions that can ...
.. Figure 2 The SDD with 5V asynchronous serial data, similar to a µC UART output. Figure 2 illustrates an SDD for 5-volt asynchronous serial data of the sort a µC UART might output, and Figure 3 is its timing diagram. ...
.. first glance. However, any fraction of a millivolt of the input-voltage offset times a gain of 1000 yields a fraction of a volt at the output. When you calculate the differences of the 10.02-mV and 0 V output voltages for the respective ...
.. current only during its on time, and an internal resistive-voltage drop exists in the secondary output. Therefore, the volt-time product of the main transformer's secondary output is not exactly zero, which is a required condition ...
Introduction A 500 V protection circuit for low voltage high impedance measuring instruments is shown in Figure 1. The protection is accomplished by limiting the amount of current going into the measuring instrument. The circuit will protect ...