Articles - 18

Although the heyday of AM radio has passed, it remains an integral part of many lives as a means of communication in third-world countries, or simply tuning in for local news and weather. Amplitude modulation (AM) is by far the oldest form of ...

In test-and-measurement applications, you must provide overvoltage protection for the output terminals of amplifiers, power supplies, and similar components. The conventional way to accomplish this task is to add series resistors with the output ...

Readers will recognize the famous name Claude Elwood Shannon, widely renowned as the “father of information theory” and originator of many discoveries and inventions. Among these is an elegant and pioneering (First published in 1948!) ...

It may be hard to believe, but 2022 marks flash memory's 35th anniversary. Time, it appears, flies particularly quickly when a technology becomes as essential and widely adopted as flash storage (Fig. 1). Figure 1. Flash memory growth in all ...

Introduction Current-sense resistors, which come in a variety of shapes and sizes, are used to measure current in many automotive, power control, and industrial systems. When using very low value resistors (a few milliohms or less), the resistance ...

A Class D amplifier provides better efficiency and thermal performance than a comparable Class AB amplifier, but implementing a Class D amplifier still requires attention to good electrical- and thermal-design practices. Most engineers use a ...

There are thousands of different switching regulators on the market. Selection is based on specifications such as input voltage range, output voltage capability, maximum output current, and a slew of other parameters. This article explains current ...

Digital potentiometers (digiPOTs) are versatile and can be used in a wide variety of applications, for example, for filtering or generating ac signals. However, sometimes the frequency must be able to be varied and adapted to the desired ...

Known devices for taking the square root contain an operational amplifier and a multiplier connected in a feedback loop. The accuracy of these devices depends on the method of building the multiplier, with the most accurate using logarithm and ...

Every PWM DAC design needs analog filtering to separate the desired PWM duty-cycle-proportional DC component from unwanted AC ripple. The simplest of these is the basic RC low-pass filter, which gives a peak-to-peak ripple amplitude (for the worst ...