You use limit switches to switch off a motor if it reaches one of its two end positions. Even if you build a microprocessor-based motor controller, you should switch off a motor with hardware by building a safety interlock. Such a circuit works by ...
They both have advantages and limitations. So which one is right for your application? It is an engineering truism that there is no such thing as a perfect solution just the best solution for the problem at hand. That holds particularly true for ...
Sometimes, the need arises for a low-distortion buffer amplifier capable of handling bipolar signals. You can use an op amp or integrated buffer for these applications, but for more flexibility, a discrete design may prove useful. Applications ...
Most engineers are familiar with boost converters, which step up the output voltage (V OUT ) to a value that exceeds the input voltage (V IN ). They are also familiar with buck-boost converters and single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC), ...
The 8-bit resolution of a peripheral DAC (such as the ATtiny family, for instance) is often insufficient. Let’s see how the problem can be solved using on-chip resources. The circuit in Figure 1 shows a method to improve the resolution of a ...
One of the first problems a capacitive-sensor analog designer must face is the low-frequency cutoff. Theoretically, you must fulfill just one simple requirement: a sufficiently large input resistance of the preamplifier's first stage. In ...
Synchronous rectifiers are MOSFETs, driven in such a way as to perform a rectifying function. They often take the place of diodes in the output-rectification stage of switching power converters, because of their lower on-state power loss. In power ...
A Zobel network is useful in making a reactive load appear as a pure resistance to a driving source prone to stability problems ( Reference 1 ). A typical situation is an audio power amplifier driving a loudspeaker, modeled at first approximation ...
A solar-powered lead-acid battery charger can ensure that the battery remains fully charged over a wide temperature range. The ideal charging circuit compensates for temperature and sunlight variations, including recovery from shading. Solar or ...
A bi-directional current source for a grounded load will always have some complication in its construction. The improved Howland Current Pump as shown in Figure 1 is the most frequent choice for this function. The Howland requires carefully matched ...