Grinding out copper is one way to create a printed circuit board, and low-cost CNC milling machines have improved to the point where it’s possible for many.
One challenge with focusing on the latest high-tech solutions is that with so much going on, you can miss useful alternatives in other areas. That happened with me while judging the recent Robot Design Competition for the Mercer Science and Engineering Fair. Part of the discussion was about the challenges of creating printed circuit boards (PCBs) and soldering surface-mount technology (SMT) electronics. The latter is a whole other conversation unto itself, but it was the PCB discussion that I want to highlight.
One of our judges is a professor at a nearby college, and his answer to creating custom PCBs is to have his students use a SainSmart Genmitsu CNC Routing Machine (Fig. 1). The low-cost computer-numerical-control (CNC) machine is just one of many on the market capable of milling a circuit board from a raw slab of copper-clad non-conductive substrate.
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| Figure 1. | The SainSmart Genmitsu CNC Routing Machine can remove copper from a PCB to create a circuit board. |
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Like 3D printers, low-cost 3D CNC machines have improved significantly over time. Likewise, the software available for PCB design and control of these machines has become easier to use and more readily available, often as open-source solutions. They’re also a good complement to 3D printers for the application space we were judging, as many of the students were already using 3D printers to create custom robot frames.
The price of low-cost 3D printers and CNC machines is on the order of a mid-range printer these days, making them affordable to students as well as full-time engineers.
Low-cost solutions do have their limitations, though. Speed and accuracy are often at the forefront, along with limitations on the size of the work area. Still, for many applications, these limitations aren’t problems. Likewise, especially for PCBs, building multiple linked boards is one way to create solutions within the confines of the tools.
The performance of these low-end machines is often more than sufficient for many projects. On top of that, there’s actually a spread of solutions from the low end to the high end. The 3D-printer market has a similar blend of price/performance solutions and a variety of different implementations.
This isn’t the first time I’ve encountered CNC machines used to build PCBs. It was more than a decade ago that I covered LPKF’s ProtoMat milling machine (Fig. 2), which is a professional-level solution to the problem. At the time, there were few low-cost 3D printers and the ProtoMat wasn’t cheap. They’re still expensive, but for good reason as they’re much more capable and accurate, not to mention faster. The added precision allows for creation of fine details like on-board antennas. The alignment even makes it possible to build multilayer boards.
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| Figure 2. | LPKF’s ProtoMat board router milling machines are professional-grade solutions. | |
A different approach is taken by Nano Dimension’s DragonFly 2020 3D printer (Fig. 3). It’s an additive approach similar to 3D printing but using metallic inks. They can create PCBs that closely match the performance of PCBs developed using mass-production facilities. The DragonFly comes at a premium price like LPKF’s solution because it addresses more professional requirements such as speed, accuracy, and maximum size of the circuit board.
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| Figure 3. | Nano Dimension’s DragonFly 3D printer offers another way to create custom PCBs. |
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Rapid prototyping is key to getting products out the door and tools like 3D CNC machines are part of the solution. They can do more than just carve the name of the product onto a nameplate and are a versatile addition to a developer’s toolbox.
